Edward Snowden and The Government Data Collection Program

Lon Snowden, as well as others have compared Edward Snowden to â€Å"Paul Revere† and have called him a â€Å"Hero† while others vilify him (Gidda 3). Technically what he has done is a crime, yet many people rally to his defence. â€Å"There is every reason to believe the federal government has been collecting every bit of information about every American’s phone calls†(Hertzberg 2). Through Edward Snowden’s actions we have learned of the governments data collecting program: Prism. This has provoked the public to question the credibility of the government. It has also stirred politicians and citizens alike into a frenzy, debating over the legality, constitutionality, and necessity of these covert operations. Edward Snowdens revelations on the NSA data†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Anyone who has made a call, sent a text, or done anything on the internet has their information filed into a database†(Hertzburg 1). With all this archivation and collection of data from average American citizens, the question has been asked, â€Å"is this constitutional?† In 2012 FISA was renewed again and it will expire in 2017. The White House says until then, Prism and its data harvesting are still legal. The government though, has reacted in many different ways. General Keith Alexander, director of the NSA, says, â€Å"it’s completely legal and says it keeps Americans safe†(Bucci). Other political groups, like Florida based activist group Freedom Watch have said, â€Å"The NSA’s actions are illegal and Prism violates the constitution†(Kelion 3). The 4th amendment of the constitution prohibits â€Å"unreasonable searches and seizures†. If you believe the average American citizen is a probable suspect for terrorism then Prism is constitutional. The group has filed a lawsuit against president Obama and several high ranking officials of the NSA(Savage). Obama initially su pported the NSA’s actions 100% but recently has changed his stance. He has announced that he has come up with a proposal that will â€Å"end the aspect that most alarmed Americans†, the collection of calling data and habits. This reform gives the implication that it will stop the â€Å"NSA’s largest area of dataShow MoreRelatedPreserving Liberty1743 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"When government fears the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny† stands for all to see. Beneath Jefferson’s wise words, the artist has declared Edward Snowden and Julian Assange heroes. While plenty government officials condemn the actions of these demonized â€Å"hacktivists,† reconsider the summer of 2013, when Americans sat aghast in their living rooms as reporters broke stories of the mass surveillance of American citizens through the collection of phoneRead MoreEdward Snowden and the NSA Leaks Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Edward Snowden and the NSA Leaks Part 1: Objective Summary On June 6th of 2013 The Guardian reported on a classified U.S. surveillance network called PRISM. This information was given to them by former Booz Allen Hamilton employee Edward Snowden. Snowden obtained this information by secretly gathering files and documents regarding the program and others while working for the government contracted Booz Allen Hamilton in Hawaii. On May 20 2013, Snowden had traveled to Hong Kong to meet with GlennRead MoreEdward Snowden: An American Hero691 Words   |  3 PagesEdward Snowden, the former National Security Agency (N.S.A) subcontractor turned whistle-blower is nothing short of a hero. His controversial decision to release information detailing the highly illegal ‘data mining’ practices of the N.S.A have caused shockwaves throughout the world and have raised important questions concerning how much the government actually monitors its people without their consent or knowledge. Comparable to Mark Felt in the Watergate scandals, Daniel Ellsberg with the PentagonRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Edward Snowden882 Words   |  4 Pages Edward Snowden is considered by many to be a criminal, but there are others who firmly believe that Edward Snowden is a patriot, and rightfully so Edward Snowden is a hero to the American people and many abroad. The United States government has the responsibility to serve, protect and aid the American people, but sometimes the government and some of its classified documents every now and then get published and criticized. Edward Snowden had worked for multiple government agencies such as the CIARead MoreGovernment Espionage Has A Natural Part Of The Competition Between Countries1438 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment espionage has been a natural part of the competition between countries. America like every other country had its own intelligence system, but it was not unit Edward Snowden’s leak of America’s surveillance program that the world saw the elaborate and extensive program running worldwide. Edward Snowden’s leak of NSA Surveillance Programs not only destroyed years of Government planning and espionage, but also tarnished the reputation of the American government, damaged relationships withRead MoreEdward Snowden LAUSD essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Edward Snowden, a twenty-nine-year-old former C.I.A. technical assist ant, has disclosed information concerning the National Security Agency programs and their surveillance practices. It has been revealed that the FBI and NSA are allowed to spy on hundreds of millions of innocent Americans, that the NSA can keep information on a U.S. citizen for up to five years without a warrant, and that the NSA watches and surveils other countries and global leaders clandestinely. Edward Snowden, albeit he mayRead MoreMonitoring And Collection Of Phone Data1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe monitoring and collection of phone data. It is a matter of privacy versus security; in order for the country to be more secure against terrorism, the public must give up some privacy in the form of phone data. Phone data should only be collected when it comes to serious threats to national security using a warrant provided by the judicial system to collect a specific person’s or group of people’s phone data. 9/11 was the largest attack ever on U.S. soil and prompted a government reaction. Not onlyRead MoreThe United States Will Fight Foreign And Domestic Terrorism907 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States will fight foreign and domestic terrorism. The implementation of â€Å"The Program† starting on October 4th, was set out to collect massive amounts of data via Internet and telephone records to ensure national security. Many people within the NSA didn t even know about this program because it was so classified. The select few that knew about this program, had several different views about how ethical this program was. But many of them viewed it as an unethical practice and a clear violationRead MoreThe Issue Of Privacy And Government Surveillance1348 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation privacy and government surveillance in the digital age. Every Tom, Dick, and Harry with a smart-phone has to be wary of how they use their private information for fear of that information being collec ted and used in a way contrary to their wishes. Leaky smartphone apps that transmit private information across the internet can be unethically used by government agencies. The issue of privacy is a balancing act; the public usually wants increased privacy and the government usually wants increasedRead MoreEdward Snowden Kantian Ethics1885 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Edward Snowden, Kantian Ethics Edward Snowden the Ethical Issue In early 2013 a man by the name of Edward Joseph Snowden began leaking classified National Security Agency (NSA) documents to media outlets, which in turn ended up in public ears. These documents, mainly involving intelligence Snowden acquired while working as an NSA contractor, are mostly related to global surveillance programs run by the NSA. This has raised multiple ethical issues ranging from national security, information privacy

The Cost Of Health Insurance - 1817 Words

â€Å"In 2012, the United States of America (USA) spent more than 2.8 trillion United States dollars (US$) – i.e. more than 17% of its gross domestic product (GDP) and more than the entire GDP of the United Kingdom and Great Britain and Northern Ireland – on its health-care system† (Rice et al., 2014, page #). This outrageous number in the quote shows to what extent the United States government is really going to in order to provide coverage for its citizens. The cost of health is rising day by day, and the current rate of health insurance is unable to really help those in need of it, such as the poor or less fortunate. Therefore, in order to take preventive measures for people to treat their well being, health insurance agencies should provide†¦show more content†¦With a simple yet effective insurance plan that covers basic support for these poor families, they can work their way up to paying off the plan in a set number of years as becoming a client of a health insurance agency. The United States government is basically throwing money away on trying to figure out how to help everyone but not really implementing much. If affordable coverage could be provided to all, including those with families, through a plan where citizens work and then receive insurance based on their ethic and employment, this could possible help with not only health care problems but unemployment as well. Problems of Health and Cost to Cover the Problems Lots of health issues can be focused on here, but there are some evident ones that show up in impoverished homes. These mainly include asthma, obesity, diabetes, high/low blood pressure, an innumerable amount of cardiac conditions, and many mental illnesses as well. The numbers of diseases are increasing day by day and now more than ever before showing up with HIV, AIDS, and parasitic problems too. In reality, and in the eyes of the poor their problems are denied and so is their proper care, because of the lack of money and care they are provided. The poor must compensate by overlooking agencies because of all the restrictions that they fit under. As stated in Health Services Research (2014), â€Å"The exclusion of a substantial proportion

Code Hero1 Essay Example For Students

Code Hero1 Essay Robert Jordan has been defined as a Hemingway code hero. In Hemingways books, a code hero is usually male, as Hemingways books seem to have a similarity to Hemingway himself. These code heroes may have been previously wounded or gone through some sort of an ordeal, and so they could have a drinking problem, or a problem sleeping. They seem to be disillusioned, and/or self-oriented, and are not usually loyal to a large cause, but rather a small group of people or a relatively small idea or thing. In For Whom the Bell Tolls, Robert Jordan, the code hero, most likely dies at the end. If it were not for his loyalty to a small group, the events in the novel would probably not have transpired as they did. Jordan is an American explosives expert. Being so much of an expert that he would be sent on such a mission indicates that he must have some experience in military demolitions, and he may have previously gone through a similar mission. A traumatic experience from a previous mission may very well be affecting his actions in the novel, such as how he has found himself in various situations of indecision. One such example could be the confrontation with Pablo at the beginning, and the continuing problems Pablo causes. Indecision could provide a reason for having a sleeping problem, as he does some things other than sleeping at night, one of the criteria for a code hero. Disillusionment can be seen as the main contributor to the code hero definition. Jordans disillusionment grows throughout the novel, to the point where he doesnt believe in the rebel cause whatsoever, war itself, or the killing of other human beings in the name of a cause. After Jordan kills the fascist who wanders near his sleeping bag, he is bothered by a constant feeling of guilt. It seems that Jordan experiences a change as the novel progresses, but his determination to complete the very dangerous mission never wavers, even though it becomes very clear that they will probably not escape. His code hero ethic to do what he needs to do manages to defeat his feelings for Maria, his growing negative feeling about the cause, and war itself. If Jordan had simply abandoned the mission, he would have been able to live happily ever after with Maria, but he would have let general Golz down by not doing what he was sent to do. At the end of the novel, Jordan ends being injured in the process of trying to escape. He convinces Maria to leave him and escape with the rest of the band. Agustin even offers to put him out of his misery, so he doesnt have to face the approaching fascists. Jordan, however, does not want to go out without a fight. By facing death bravely, he also aids those whose lives he has endangered. The code heros ability to show grace under pressure also becomes a factor in Robert Jordans definition. At the very end of the novel, Jordan finds himself with a broken leg. The fascists are catching up, and the band is trying to carry him to safety, even though with him, the chances of escaping become very slim. Here, Jordan goes above and beyond the call of duty by staying behind to hold off the fascists. Sacrificing himself not for the cause, but for the small group, is what gives us Hemingways definition of a code hero. Bibliography:For Whom The Bell Tolls by Ernest HemingwayMonkeyNotes on For Whom the Bell Tolls, www.Pinkmonkey.com

Relative Advantage of the Firm

According to the case study, salton inc. enjoys a great advantage in relation to its suppliers placing it at a strategic advantage with its competitors. This strong relationship with suppliers places it at an upper hand in product development, innovation and branding. Further, the case illustrates that the firm has a strategic advantage due to product sourcing from the cheaper Asian markets, which provides it with the advantage of diversification.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Relative Advantage of the Firm specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Afuah, a firm gains competitive advantage over its rivals by establishing strong relationship with suppliers and in this case the firm has 50 different suppliers for its products and a long-term relationship with Markpeak ltd (291). Markpeak Ltd, which supplies the firm with 38% of its products, is a reliable and competent supplier. According to Afuah, this advantage places the firm at a strategic market leadership position against its competitors and new entrants. By insisting on short-term supplier contracts, risk aversion is entrenched in sourcing for materials. In addition, the firm stresses on the importance of competitive bidding to gain an upper in sourcing for its products, placing it at an upper hand on margins position by ensuring that merchandize is of high quality. In addition, high quality standards remained a priority (Afuah 292). However, competitors had the disadvantage of slow outsourcing, low volume purchases, translating to high costs and reduced profit margins placing it at a competitive advantage against its competitors. A clear marketing strategy and marketing mix is evident from the above case. Customers on the other hand enjoyed high quality products, appropriately designed for their needs and wants. Further still, the company specialized in a wide range of quality kitchen, home, personal, and beauty care products. Thus, the company’s brand name became a household name, an important concept in marketing. In addition, to beat her competitors, the company specialized in a wide range of products such as shower radios, and espressio/cappuccino products that placed the company’s brand at strategic places in homes serving as an advertising method. Potential new entrants could find it difficulty to penetrate the market due to its strategic position in terms of branding, lowered product cost, good quality products, product differentiation, and good marketing power and unique marketing mix. The firm’s concentration in advertising and marketing, tailor-making products for its customers by addressing their needs and wants, and making the brand name common through superior marketing techniques provides it with a clear lead in the market share.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Distinct offerings of the firm According to the case, the firm offers distinct products specializing in product differentiation, tailor made to meet customer needs and wants. This included healthier and more convenient foods coupled with product diversification. With innovative ingenuity, the food products met the market demands as it were, raking the company in huge profits (Afuah 297). Further, to boost its sales, the firm produced another brand called juiceman. This brand was similar to the original product but with half the characteristics of the original brand. This made record sales. Product differentiation and flexible pricing mechanisms played an important role in gaining and maintaining a strong lead in the market share. Brown asserts that firms have to adopt a unique marketing mix, adopt a unique hard selling concepts and competitive pricing to stay ahead in the market (chapter 2). These points to product diversification, product differentiation, and ta ilor made products to meet customer needs and wants. Pricing Evident from the case study, marketers did enough research in pricing their products in relation to the value obtained by stressing on the importance of flexible pricing techniques. Pindyck asserts that, â€Å"profit-maximizing price-cost margin is inversely related to the firm’s price elasticity of demand† (Pindyck 1). Pindyck further asserts that a firm producing products with interrelated demand must use joint pricing mechanisms for profit maximization by creating a profound effect on sales (Pindyck 9). According to the above case, product diversification is evident, with innovative blending to meet customer needs with different prices and value. Afuah points out that the firm had excellent pricing techniques by creating a pricing strategy and mix, educating consumers, and providing a single price for any of its products through all its retail outlets (Pindyck 294). Works Cited Afuah Allan.Business Models: A strategic Management Approach, University of Michigan  ® McGraw-Hill Irwin Boston Burr Ridge† ,2003. Brown Alex. Working To End Horse Slaughter: 1 March 2010 http://www1.udel.edu/alex/chapt2.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Relative Advantage of the Firm specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pindyck s. Robert. Microeconomics. 7 ed. prentice hall june 21 2008 This critical writing on Relative Advantage of the Firm was written and submitted by user Shiny Ram to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

University of Nairobi Bsc free essay sample

Introduction to properties of matter: elasticity in solids, viscosity in fluids, friction. Sound and Vibration: Introduction to Sound: Wave phenomenon; sound waves; velocity of sound. Introduction of vibration: Free vibrations of particles (SHM). Simple pendulum; free vibrations of rigid bodies. Heat Internal energy and temperature; phase changes of the pure substance. Isothermal and isobaric compressibility of gases, liquids and solids. Heat transfer: conduction, convention, and radiation Kinetic theory of gases: perfect gas equation; intermolecular forces, specific heats, and equipartition of energy.

Chemical or Scientific Names of Common Substances

Chemical or Scientific Names of Common Substances Chemical or scientific names are used to give an accurate description of a substances composition. Even so, you rarely ask someone to pass the sodium chloride at the dinner table. Its important to remember that common names are inaccurate and vary from one place and time to another. Therefore, dont assume that you know the chemical composition of a substance based on its common name. This is a list of archaic chemical names and common names for chemicals, with their modern or IUPAC equivalent name. You also may be interested in the list of common chemicals and where to find them. Common Chemical Names Common Name Chemical Name acetone dimethyl ketone; 2-propanone (usually known as acetone) acid potassium sulfate potassium bisulfate acid of sugar oxalic acid ackey nitric acid alcali volatil ammonium hydroxide alcohol, grain ethyl alcohol alcohol sulfuris carbon disulfide alcohol, wood methyl alcohol alum aluminum potassium sulfate alumina aluminum oxide antichlor sodium thiosulfate antifreeze ethylene glycol antimony black antimony trisulfide antimony bloom antimony trioxide antimony glance antimony trisulfide antimony red (vermillion) antimony oxysulfide aqua ammonia aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide aqua fortis nitric acid aqua regia nitrohydrochloric acid aromatic spirit of ammonia ammonia in alcohol arsenic glass arsenic trioxide azurite mineral form of basic copper carbonate asbestos magnesium silicate aspirin acetylsalicylic acid baking soda sodium bicarbonate banana oil (artificial) isoamyl acetate barium white barium sulfate benzol benzene bicarbonate of soda sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate bichloride of mercury mercuric chloride bichrome potassium dichromate bitter salt magnesium sulfate black ash crude form of sodium carbonate black copper oxide cupric oxide black lead graphite (carbon) blanc-fixe barium sulfate bleaching powder chlorinated lime; calcium hypochlorite blue copperas copper sulfate (crystals) blue lead lead sulfate blue salts nickel sulfate blue stone copper sulfate (crystals) blue vitriol copper sulfate bluestone copper sulfate bone ash crude calcium phosphate bone black crude animal charcoal boracic acid boric acid borax sodium borate; sodium tetraborate bremen blue basic copper carbonate brimstone sulfur burnt alum anhydrous potassium aluminum sulfate burnt lime calcium oxide burnt ochre ferric oxide burnt ore ferric oxide brine aqueous sodium chloride solution butter of antimony antimony trichloride butter of tin anhydrous stannic chloride butter of zinc zinc chloride calomel mercury chloride; mercurous chloride carbolic acid phenol carbonic acid gas carbon dioxide caustic lime calcium hydroxide caustic potash potassium hydroxide caustic soda sodium hydroxide chalk calcium carbonate Chile saltpeter sodium nitrate Chile nitre sodium nitrate Chinese red basic lead chromate Chinese white zinc oxide chloride of soda sodium hypochlorite chloride of lime calcium hypochlorite chrome alum chromic potassium sulfate chrome green chromium oxide chrome yellow lead (VI) chromate chromic acid chromium trioxide copperas ferrous sulfate corrosive sublimate mercury (II) chloride corundum (ruby, sapphire) chiefly aluminum oxide cream of tartar potassium bitartrate crocus powder ferric oxide crystal carbonate sodium carbonate dechlor sodium thiophosphate diamond carbon crystal emery powder impure aluminum oxide epsom salts magnesium sulfate ethanol ethyl alcohol farina starch ferro prussiate potassium ferricyanide ferrum iron flores martis anhydride iron (III) chloride fluorspar natural calcium fluoride fixed white barium sulfate flowers of sulfur sulfur flowers of any metal oxide of the metal formalin aqueous formaldehyde solution French chalk natural magnesium silicate French vergidris basic copper acetate galena natural lead sulfide Glaubers salt sodium sulfate green verditer basic copper carbonate green vitriol ferrous sulfate crystals gypsum natural calcium sulfate hard oil boiled linseed oil heavy spar barium sulfate hydrocyanic acid hydrogen cynanide hypo (photography) sodium thiosulfate solution Indian red ferric oxide Isinglass agar-agar gelatin jewelers rouge ferric oxide killed spirits zinc chloride lampblack crude form of carbon; charcoal laughing gas nitrous oxide lead peroxide lead dioxide lead protoxide lead oxide lime calcium oxide lime, slaked calcium hydroxide limewater aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide liquor ammonia ammonium hydroxide solution litharge lead monoxide lunar caustic silver nitrate liver of sulfur sufurated potash lye or soda lye sodium hydroxide magnesia magnesium oxide manganese black manganese dioxide marble mainly calcium carbonate mercury oxide, black mercurous oxide methanol methyl alcohol methylated spirits methyl alcohol milk of lime calcium hydroxide milk of magnesium magnesium hydroxide milk of sulfur precipitated sulfur muriate of a metal chloride of the metal muriatic acid hydrochloric acid natron sodium carbonate nitre potassium nitrate nordhausen acid fuming sulfuric acid oil of mars deliquescent anhydrous iron (III) chloride oil of vitriol sulfuric acid oil of wintergreen (artificial) methyl salicylate orthophosphoric acid phosphoric acid Paris blue ferric ferrocyanide Paris green copper acetoarsenite Paris white powdered calcium carbonate pear oil (artificial) isoamyl acetate pearl ash potassium carbonate permanent white barium sulfate plaster of Paris calcium sulfate plumbago graphite potash potassium carbonate potassa potassium hydroxide precipitated chalk calcium carbonate Prussic acid hydrogen cyanide pyro tetrasodium pyrophosphate quicklime calcium oxide quicksilver mercury red lead lead tetraoxide red liquor aluminum acetate solution red prussiate of potash potassium ferrocyanide red prussiate of soda sodium ferrocyanide Rochelle salt potassium sodium tartrate rock salt sodium chloride rouge, jewelers ferric oxide rubbing alcohol isopropyl alcohol sal ammoniac ammonium chloride sal soda sodium carbonate salt, table sodium chloride salt of lemon potassium binoxalate salt of tartar potassium carbonate saltpeter potassium nitrate silica silicon dioxide slaked lime calcium hydroxide soda ash sodium carbonate soda nitre sodium nitrate soda lye sodium hydroxide soluble glass sodium silicate sour water dilute sulfuric acid spirit of hartshorn ammonium hydroxide solution spirit of salt hydrochloric acid spirit of wine ethyl alcohol spirits of nitrous ether ethyl nitrate sugar, table sucrose sugar of lead lead acetate sulfuric ether ethyl ether talc or talcum magnesium silicate tin crystals stannous chloride trona natural sodium carbonate unslaked lime calcium oxide Venetian red ferric oxide verdigris basic copper acetate Vienna lime calcium carbonate vinegar impure dilute acetic acid vitamin C ascorbic acid vitriol sulfuric acid washing soda sodium carbonate water glass sodium silicate white caustic sodium hydroxide white lead basic lead carbonate white vitriol zinc sulfate crystals yellow prussiate of potash potassium ferrocyanide yellow prussiate of soda sodium ferrocyanide zinc vitriol zinc sulfate zinc white zinc oxide

Factsheet drybulk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Factsheet drybulk - Essay Example There will be huge demand and supply for the dry bulk as long as the buyer ships the products and commodities from one place to the other. However, due to increase in the price of the commodities, the present market position stands at a lower level. The main reasons are lower market expectations, lower demand for the cargo supply, critical conditions of market life cycle and declining fleet growth. The company needs to control its existing strengths in shipping and attempt to expand its markets to the major areas such as South Asia and North America, to gain a wider area of operation. Dry bulk market may have higher rates in the future. Temporary rise in rates also seems possible during the year. While world trade is likely to increase at a reasonable rate in 2012 as well as 2013, the amount of new capacity will consume high rates towards operating expenses. â€Å"Emerging markets such as India and China are likely to be key to the success of Farstad. As they are the growth markets for any new company, so further addition to the company’s top line would be dependent on its efforts to exploit the trade routes emanating from these countries† (Abhishek, n.d.). â€Å"Capesize, Panamax, Handymax and Handy size† (Segments, 2012). Capesize is used to transport iron ore and coal. Panamax can carry grain, coal and bauxite. Small shipments such as sugar and other commodities are carried by Handymax and Handy size. Capesize is the largest vessel and Handy size is the smallest vessel out of the four vessels in the dry bulk segment. The Outlook for the Dry Bulk †¦ Italian Style, (2012). 8th Mare Forum Italy 2012, Sorrento. Braemar Seascope Research. Retrieved from

Harry Lloyd Hopkins and His Contributions Annotated Bibliography

Harry Lloyd Hopkins and His Contributions - Annotated Bibliography Example Harry Hopkins, throughout his life, played a part in the development and the improvement of the American society during the first half of the 90’s. His first contribution was during his early years, when he, with the help of William Matthews, was able to organize and coordinate one of the first ever public employment programs of the United States, helping numerous families find adequate jobs, freeing them from problems of idleness. A few years later, he was appointed as the secretary of the Bureau of Child Welfare, which gave out allowance and income to mothers taking care of dependent children. Later on, he also participated and worked for the American Red Cross Gulf Division as a general manager of Civilian Relief, and then, contributed in the making of the charter for AASW, or the American Association of Social Workers, which he would later become the president of in 1923. He also played a big part in the growth of the New York Tuberculosis Association, wherein he was the g eneral director. Because of this, then governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt took keen notice in what Hopkins has done and when Roosevelt named Straus, R. H. Macy’s department store president as the president of the TERA, or Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, Straus named Hopkins as TERA’s executive director. Again, his wise and prudent management was noticed by Roosevelt, and was later called to be the president of the organization.

Health Information Exchange Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Information Exchange - Assignment Example Recent legislation process undertaken at the Federal Government level has been initiated in order to ensure that significant resources are put into the development of healthcare. These legislations set the overall vision for the integration of information technology with the healthcare in order to improve the overall healthcare services delivery within the healthcare settings. The Federal IT Health Strategy is therefore focused upon delivering certain initiatives in order to accelerate the process of integrating information technology with that of the health care services. One of the central elements of the Medicaid and Medicare is the electronic health records which are now forming the critical part of the overall initiative by the government to improve healthcare IT. This paper will provide a review of the various initiatives undertaken by the Federal Government in terms of digitalization of health records and implementation of information technology besides making an evaluation in real time case study. The recent revolutionary changes in the health care industry and new demands from the industry has actually necessitated the use of technology which can help healthcare professionals to actually take benefit of the information technology. The new IT strategy for the health care industry has been hallmarked as one of the right steps in right direction to seamlessly integrate the technology with the healthcare. In order to achieve this vision, regional information networks were created in order to allow them autonomy and power to utilize all the resources necessary for using IT for healthcare. These regional networks have to work in defined governance roles in order to achieve their overall objectives and the set their own business targets. These centers were established in order to exchange information with each and have been gaining traction over the period of last few

Position Of Women In India

Position Of Women In India Chapter-1 Introduction: Status and Social Position of Women The women are the soul of our community and they are self build and self trained human responsible for the morale development of their children, inspiration for the family and an example for the community to follow. As a wife, woman is his best friend and inspiration. The history conveys that, Each successful man has an inspiring woman responsible for success. According to Swami Vivekananda- That country and that nation that do not respect women have never become great, nor ever be in future. According to Historian Romilla Thapper- Within the Indian sub-continent there have been infinite variations on the status of women diverging according to culture malice, family structure, class, caste, property rights and morals. Tagores said, Womens are the ornaments of society. The society was male dominated and he ruled mainly by ethics and morals. But now a days womens are enjoying the topmost supremacy and these have won over intelligence and mental capacity of the men. Today if it was that the society was Male-Dominated then india wouldnt have produced highlighting examples such as P.T.Usha-The Women Athlete, Lata Mangeshkar-The Nightingale and the Singer, Sonia Gandhi-Political and Klpana Chawla-The Indian Astronaut. Today the proverb given above has proved true. A woman is the pillar of a family, and concussively that of a nation. The statue of liberty which is symbol of peace and liberty is none other than that of a woman. Therefore, respect women and every life. In spite of fifty percent of the population on the world wide, women were not in equal status with men. This differential position causes socialization raises from boys and girls are different roles. As a traditional form, the status and social role of the women in every society, specific Indian society have been women are weaker than men. Women are the teachers of the society and they are not competitors. Woman as the mother is the best friend and teacher for the child, especially girl child (Firestone, Catlett, 1993, the Mother-Daughter Bond). Woman as friend is an inspiring support for any task. Woman as wife is a best friend and supportive partner for the husband. Woman as a family member is a best family manager and care taker of family values and traditions. Women as a community member are an example of love, friendliness, inspiration and the best worker. These are the common roles and responsibilities performed by the women community around the world. Woman is an all-round pla yer in the game where, playground is family. The only difference is that, woman is an all-round player at almost all such play grounds around the world. In family, woman is an excellent manger cum worker. The social stratification of women in-India however leaves them as a second rate citizen. This is no more evident than the violence to which a woman is subjected in her domestic setup. Violence against woman is present is every society cutting boundaries of class, culture, education and age. Even though most societies proscribe violence against woman, the reality is that she is tortured physically, psychologically, sexually and economically, the right to equality, security dignity and self worth are denied to woman. At times the place where a woman seeks love, safety, security and shelter, becomes a place of terror and violence at the hands of somebody close to them whom they trust. If we visualize the multiple view of the, woman from various families working for her children, family and herself; we will find that there several women working for the development of their respective families. In broad sense, they are working for collectively development of the family, community and society in which they live because; community is the united from of varied families. A woman is never appreciated for her indirect contribution in this strong development and in the progress of her children, family or external community. She can be said as a silent and selfless leader. We take woman as a strong pillar on which the progress of the family and community depends. If she is educated enough to utilize and manage the family resources in smart manner and every woman does so, than such community will definitely progress irrespective of the variations in the religion, tradition, culture and financial background that are present in any community around the world. There can be many situations that can prevent woman from performing at her best. It can be lack of peer support, illiteracy, lack of knowledge, lack of resources or lack inspiration to name few. Crime, atrocity and violence against woman is a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between man and woman, which led to the domination of a womans fuller advancement. Violence in the domestic spare is usually committed by them who are or who have been, is position of trust and intimacy and power-husbands father, brother, uncle sons or other relatives. It does not mean that women are not violent but their actions account for a small percentage of domestic violence. Such as outside homes these type activity boy friend and unknown person. The criminals, atrocious abuser and the abused are tied together because of emotional, physical, biological, familial, residential and financial ties, and are often their intimate partners.  Perpetrators of domestic violence seek power and control over their survivors. The factors which contribute to the continued prevalence of violence are mainly the womens lack of access to legal information, aid or protection and also the lack of laws that effectively prohibit violence against women.  There is also failure to reform existing laws and the efforts made on part of public authorities to promote awareness of and enforce existing laws are also inadequate. The absence of educational and other means to address the causes and consequences of violence is also the reason behind prevalence of violence. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) declares that Motherhood and childhood are entitled for special care whether born in or out of wedlock shall enjoy the same protection.  The Indian constitution enshrines in Art.14, 15, 39(a) (d) and (e) that the state shall ensure a just social order for women based on equality and dignity. In spite of all these, and on the sacred land of Sita, Sabitri and Damayanti it found that women are being seduced, tortured, and enjoyed and betrayed. In spite of Constitutional guarantees and legal protection there is a rise on the trend of committing offenses against women and the domestic violence is one of them. Women have always played a specific and crucial role which has been veiled in society and history. Traditionally, the Indian woman has been the keystone of the family and society in general. She creates life, nurtures it, guards and strengthens it. In her task as mother, she plays a vital role in the development of the nation.   Status and social position of women in India Women in India have been always topics of concern since ancient period. They can as a exact example of perfect home-makers. With their incomparable quality of the calm ness of mind they easily handle even toughest situation as well. The Indian women are fully devoted to their families. They are preached in the names like as Goddess Durga, Goddess Saraswati, Parvati and goddess Kali.  The evolution of the status and social position of women in India  has been a continuous process of ups and downs throughout history. For the purpose of depicting a brief survey of the changing position and role of women in India throughout history, four broad periods are considered: Ancient Period Medieval Period Modern India Period British-India Period. After Independence Period Brief described each period on following as:- A) Ancient Period Many women have comforted themselves with a view of many scholars that women were greatly honored in the ancient India from Vedic times. They enjoyed freedom good status and learning opportunities. In those days women must have had certainly freedom it appears that the Vedic women were probably comparable to modern women. Recently some women historians have attempted different interpretations of the original Brahmanical Texts. On the one hand Scriptures have glorifies womanhood. They have treated women as the equals of men. On the other hand some sacred texts held women not only disrespect but even in a positive hatred. There are contradictions and generalizations, which can be interpreted in either way. Women held very important position in ancient Indian society. It was a position superior to men. There are literary evidences to suggest that woman power destroyed kingdoms and mighty rulers.Elango Adigals Sillapathigaram mentioned that Madurai the capital of Pandyas was burnt when Pandyan ruler Nedunchezhiyan killed a womans husband by mistake. Veda Vyasas Mahabharata tells the story of fall of Kauravas because they humiliated queen Draupadi.Valmikis Ramyana is also about the wiping away of Ravana when he abducted and tried to marry Sita forcibly. The plethora of Goddesses in ancient period was created to instil respect for women. Ardhanareeshwar, which called God is half-man and half-woman, was highly worshipped. Women were allowed to have multiple husbands. For example:- 1. Manu has told that where women are honoured the Gods are leased but where they are not honoured, no sacred rite yields any reward. But it is as clear as day light that the same Manu has formulated the theory of sacred tutelage of women when he said that a woman has to depend on her father in her childhood, on her husband in youth and on her sons during her old age and no woman is fit for freedom. Pita rakshathi Kaumare Bhartha rakshathi yavvane Rakshanthi Putrah Stavire, na Sthree svatantram arhati. 2. Yagnavalkya had told that women are the embodiment of all divine virtues on earth. Soma has bestowed all his purity on them. Gandhrva has given them sweetness of speech and Agni has showered all his brilliance to make them most attractive. She is the goddess (Devata as well as a lurer (pramada). Manu says women are able to lead astray not only the ignorant but also even the learned men and make him a slave of lust and anger. Such lofty ideals about women have been repeated in Ramayana and Mahabharata also. B) Medieval Period Medieval India has not womens age it is supposed to be the dark age for them. Medieval India saw many foreign conquests, which resulted in the decline in womens status. When foreign conquerors like Muslims invaded India they brought with them their own culture. These period women was the sole property of her father, brother or husband and she does not have any will of her own. This type of thinking also crept into the minds of Indian people and they also began to treat their own women like this. One more reason for the decline in womens status and freedom was that original Indians wanted to shield their women folk from the barbarous Muslim invaders. As polygamy was a norm for these invaders they picked up any women they wanted and kept her in their harems. In order to protect them Indian women started using Purdah, (a veil), which covers body. Due to this reason their freedom also became affected. They were not allowed to move freely and this lead to the further deterioration of their status. These problems related with women resulted in changed attitude of people. Now they began to consider a girl as misery and a burden, which has to be shielded from the eyes of intruders and needs extra care. Whereas a boy child will not need such extra c are and instead will be helpful as an earning hand. Thus a nasty circle started in which women was at the receiving end. All this gave rise to some new evils such as Child Marriage, Sati, Jauhar, devdasi, restriction on widow marriage, Purdha system and restriction on girl education. Sati: Sati is known as the ritual of dying at the funeral pyre of the husband. According to some of the Hindu scriptures dying at the funeral pyre women of her husband go straight to heaven so its good to practice this ritual. Initially it was not obligatory for the women but if she practiced such a custom she was highly respected by the society. Sati was considered to be the better option than living as a widow as the plight of widows in Hindu society was even worse. Some of the scriptures like Medhatiti had different view it say that Sati is like committing suicide so one should avoid this. Jauhar: It is also more or less similar to Sati but it is a mass suicide. Jauhar was prevalent in the Rajput societies. In this custom wives immolated themselves while their husbands were still alive. Jauhar are also known to place a high profile on honour. When people of Rajput clan became sure that they were going to die at the hands of their enemy then all the women arrange a large pyre and set themselves afire, while their husband used to fight the last decisive battle known as Shaka, with the enemy. Thus are defending the sanctity of the women and the whole clan. Devadasis: Devadasi system is a religious practice in some parts of southern India, in which women are married to a deity or temple. The ritual was well established by the 10th century A.D. In the later period the illegitimate sexual exploitation of the Devadasis become a norm in some parts of India. Child Marriage: It was a norm in medieval India. Girls were married off at the age of 8-10. They were not allowed access to education and were treat as the material being. The plight of women can be imagined by one of the shloka of Tulsidas where he writes [r1] Dhol, gawar, shudra, pashu, nari, ye sab tadan ke adhikari. Meaning that are animals, illiterates, lower castes and women should be subjected to beating. Thus women were compared with animals and were married off at an early age. The child marriage along with it bring some more problems such as increased birth rate, poor health of women due to repeated child bearing and high mortality rate of women and children. Restriction on Widow Remarriage: The condition of widows in medieval India was very bad. They were not treating as human being and were subjected to a large number of restrictions. They were imaginary to live religious life after their husband died and were not allowed entry in any celebration. Their being there in any good work was considered to be a bad omen. Sometimes heads of widows were also shaved down. They were not allowed to remarry. Any woman remarrying was looked down by the society. This cruelty on widows was one of the main reasons for the large number of women committing Sati. In medieval India living as a Hindu widow was a sort of a curse. Purdah System: Purdah system is the practice among some communities of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form. It imposes restrictions on the mobility of women, it is curtails their right to interact freely and a symbolic of the subordination of women. It does not reflect the religious teachings of either Hinduism or Islam, contrary to common belief, although misconceptions are occurred due to the ignorance and prejudices of religious leaders of both are faiths. Girl Education: The girls of medieval India and above all Hindu society be not given formal education. They were given education related to household chores. But a famous Indian philosopher Vatsyayana write that women were supposed to be perfect in sixty four arts which included cooking, spinning, grinding, knowledge of medicine, recitation and many more. C) Modern India Period Modern India witnessed some developments in the status and social position of women. There were many reformers in India who worked for the betterment and upliftment of their other female counterparts. The Begum of Bhopal discarded the purdha and fought in the revolt of 1857. Many reformers measures to eradicate social stigmas from the society. Sir Sayyid Ahamad Khan established the Aligarh Muslim University for the spread of education among the Muslims. Among many the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 was important. The education system was also elevated. English was introduced in this period. Various female English writers like Sarojiini Naidu, Kamala Das made their presence felt in this period. In the modern times, women in India are given freedom and right such as freedom of expression and equality, as well as right to get education. Women in Contemporary India are doing the same what a male can do. Various prestigious positions are held by Indian women. They are enjoying the ladies first facility in various fields. But still problems like dowry, female infanticide, sex selective abortion, health, domestic violence, crime and atrocities are prevalent in the society. Several acts have been passed to demolish all these problems. But illiteracy and lack of awareness are the obstacles in the path of Indian women to stand against these follies. British India Period Womens Struggle and Reforms Though women of India are not at par among her counterpart in Western world but she is struggling hard to make her mark in mens world. We can count on certain names from the British India where women put the example of extraordinary bravery which even men might not be able to show. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi was the one such woman. She was the one who put even British rulers to dishonour with her extraordinary feat in battle. She fought for her kingdom, which Dalhousie, British Governor General, had unlawfully annexed. She was in a true sense the leader of uprising of 1857. There are certain men who took the cause of women in India. There have been social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekanand, Swami Dayananda Saraswati who have helped women gain their previous status in society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy Born on 22nd may 1772 he was the torchbearer of social reforms for the women. He was strictly against the evils prevalent in society in his time. He is the one who has done women a great favour by abolishing Sati lawfully. It was due to his efforts that Lord William Bentinck banned the custom of Sati in 1829. Though this law was not a great deterrent but it changed mindset of people to some extent. Ram Mohan Roy also did great work in the field of women education. He was against child marriage and favoured widow remarriage. He himself married a widow thus setting the example for the whole society. Along with Dwarka Nath Tagore he founded Brahmo Samaj for the reform of Indian society and emancipation of women. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was popularly well-known as Vidyasager, which means sea of knowledge. Testifying to his name he was truly the sea of knowledge. He was a pillar of social reform movement of Bengal in 19th century. He broadly read ancient Hindu scriptures and came to know that the gender divide which was prevalent in Bengal was not encoded in our ancient texts instead it is the politics to keep women subordinate to men. He strongly supported women education in Bengal and went door to door to persuade people to send their girl child to school. He also did a lot in the field of widow remarriage. He opened many schools for girls. Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Born on April 11, 1827, Pune, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was a genuine philanthropist. He was the one to open first girl school in India. He is also credited with opening first home for widows of the upper caste and a home for newborn girl children so that they can be saved from female infanticide. Swami Dayanand Saraswati He was the founder of Arya Samaj and gave a cry, back to Vedas. He translated Vedas from Sanskrit to Hindi so that a common man can read it and understand that the Vedic Hindu scriptures gave utmost importance to women. He emphasize for the equal rights for women in every field. He tried to change the mindset of people with his Vedic teachings. Mahatma Gandhi The social reformers of 19th century laid down the stage for the emancipation of women but it was Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi under whose influence these reforms reached masses. He was the one who liberated Indian women from the rule of Purdah and other social evils. He brings them from their confinement and asked them to participate in the struggle for independence. According to him women should survive liberated from the slavery of kitchen only then their true potential could be realized. He said that liability of household is important for women but it should not be the only one. In fact she should arrive forward to share the responsibilities of nation. When Gandhi come to the step of Indian struggle for independence then the average life span of Indian women was 27 years and only 2%women were educated this shows what a Herculean task it was to bring the women of India who was not getting her basic rights to fight for the cause of the nation. But it was due to his efforts that so a lot of women like Sarojini Naidu, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur came forward. He spread the message of equality of the gender to the masses and criticized the desire of Indian people to have male child instead of a female. Gandhiji was strictly beside the child marriage and favoured widow remarriage. He urged the youth to come forward and accept young widows as their life partner. He said that the girls are also capable of everything boys can do but the need of the time is to give them opportunities so that they can prove themselves. It was mostly due to his efforts that when India get independence right t o vote came naturally to Indian women whereas in other developed nations like England and America women got this right very late and that too after lot of protest. Spread of Education The idea of imparting education to women emerged in the British period. Earlier, it was almost universally hailed that since women need not earn their livelihood, there was no need of education for them. After the Bhakti Movement, the Christian Missionaries took interest in the education of the girls. The Hunter Commission too emphasized on the need for female education in 1882. The Calcutta, Bombay and Madras institutions did not permit the admission of girls till 1875. It was only after 1882 that girls were allowed to go for higher education. Since then, there has been a continuous progress in the extend of education among females. Though the number of girls studying at various levels was low, yet there has been a marked increase in the number of female students at every level from 1941 onwards. After Independence Period The status of women in modern India is a sort of a paradox. If on one hand she is at the peak of ladder of success, on the other hand she is mutely suffering the violence afflicted on her by her own family members. As compared with past women in modern times have achieved a lot but in reality they have to still travel a long way. Their path is full of roadblocks. The women have left the secured domain of their home and are now in the battlefield of life, fully armoured with their talent. They had proven themselves. But in India they are yet to get their dues. The sex ratio of India shows that the Indian society is still prejudiced against female. There are 933 females per thousand males in India according to the census of 2001, which is much below the world average of 990 females. There are many problems which women in India have to go through daily. These problems have become the part and parcel of life of Indian women and some of them have accepted them as their fate. The main problems of Indian womens are includes:- Malnutrition, Poor Health, Maternal Mortality, Lack of education, Mistreatment, Overworked, Lack of Power, Marriage, Dowry, Female infanticide/foeticide. Malnutrition Generally in India, women are the one who eat last and least in the whole family. So they eat whatever is left after men folk are satiated. As a result most of the times their food intake does not contain the nutritional value required in maintaining the healthy body. In villages, sometimes women do not get to eat the whole meal due to poverty. The UNICEF report of 1996 clearly states that the women of South Asia are not given proper care, which results in higher level of malnutrition among the women of South Asia than anywhere else in the world. This nutritional deficiency has two major consequences for women first they become anaemic and second they never achieve their full growth, which leads to an unending cycle of undergrowth as malnourished women cannot give birth to a healthy baby. Poor Health The malnutrition results in poor health of women. The women of India are prejudiced from the birth itself. They are not breastfed for long. In the want of a son the women wants to get pregnant as soon as possible which decreases the caring period to the girl child whereas the male members get adequate care and nutrition. Women are not given the right to free movement that means that they cannot go anywhere on their own if they want and they have to take the permission of male member of family or have to take them along. This results in decrease in womens visit to doctor and she could not pay attention to her health as a result. Maternal Mortality The mortality rate in India is among highest in the world. As females are not given proper attention, which results in the malnutrition and then they are married at an early age which leads to pregnancies at younger age when the body is not ready to bear the burden of a child. All this results in complications, which may lead to gynecological problems, which may become serious with time and may ultimately, lead to death. Lack of education In India women education never get its due share of awareness. From the medieval India women are debarred from the educational field. According to medieval awareness women require just household education and this perception of medieval India still persists in villages of India even today. Girls are supposed to fulfil domestic duties and education becomes secondary for them whereas it is considered to be important for boys. Although scenario in urban areas has changed a lot and women are opting for higher education but majority of Indian population residing in villages still live in medieval times. The people of villages consider girls to be curse and they do not want to waste money and time on them as they think that women should be wedded off as soon as possible. The main reason for not sending girls to school is the poor economic condition. Another reason is far off location of schools. In Indian society virginity and purity is given extreme importance during marriage and people are afraid to send their girl child to far off schools were male teacher teach them along with boys. The lack of education is the root reason for many other problems. An uneducated mother cannot look after her children properly and she is not aware of the fatal diseases and their cure, which leads to the poor health of the children. Uneducated people do not know about hygiene this lack of knowledge of hygiene may lead to poor health of the whole family. Mistreatment In India violence against women is a common evil. Not just in remote part but in cities also women bear the brunt. They are subjected to physical and mental violence. They are the one who work most but are not given their due. Women are safe anywhere neither at home nor at workplace. An hour a woman is raped in India and every 93 minutes a woman is burnt to death due to dowry problem. There are a lot of laws such as The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, The Hindu Succession Act of 1956, The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, The Hindu Women Right to Property Act of 1937, The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, to protect women and punishment is severe but the conviction rate of crime, atrocities and violence against women is very low in India. Overworked Indian women work more than men of India but their work is hardly recognized as they mainly do unskilled work. Their household chores is never counted as a work, if a woman is working in a field to help her husband it will also be not counted as a work. A study conducted by Mies in 1986 states that in Andhra Pradesh a woman works around 15 hours a day during the agricultural season whereas a male on an average works for around 7-8 hours. Lack of Power In India a large percentage of women do not have power. They cannot take decisions independently not even related to their own life. They have to take permission of male members for each and every issue. They dont have any say in important household matters and not in matter of their own marriage. Marriage The family mainly fixes the marriages in India. The scenario in villages is very bad. The girl is not consulted but is told to marry a guy whom her family has chosen for him. They are taught to abide by the whims and fancies of their husbands. Going against the wishes of husband is considered to be a sin. In marriage husband always has the upper hand. The groom and his parents show as if they are obliging the girl by marrying her and in return they demand hefty dowry. Dowry Its a serious issue. Courts are flooded with cases related to death due to dowry harassment by husband and in laws. In ancient times women were given Stridhan when they departed from the house of their parents. This amount of money was given to her as a gift which she can use on her and her children but her in-laws did not have any right on that amount. This amount was supposed to help the girl in time of need. Slowly this tradition became obligatory and took the form of dowry. Nowadays parents have to give hefty amount in dowry, the in laws of their girl are not concerned whether they can afford it or not. If a girl brings large amount of dowry she is given respect and is treated well in her new home and if she does not bring dowry according to expectations of her in laws then she has to suffer harassment. Due to this evil practice many newlywed women of India have to lose their lives. Female infanticide/foeticide As women were supposed to be and in some areas of India are still considered to be curse by some strata of society their birth was taken as a burden. So in past times they were killed as soon as they were born. In some of the Rajput clans of Rajasthan newly born girl child was dropped in a large bowl of milk and was killed. Today with the help of technology the sex of the unborn baby is determined and if it is a girl child then it is aborted down. In all this procedure women do not have any say they have to do according to the wish of their husbands even if she does not want to abort she have any choice. Divorce The divorce rate in India is not accordingly high compared to western countries but it does not mean that marriages are more successful here. The cause behind low level of divorce rate is that it is look down by the society. It is regard as the sign of breakdown of marriage, especially of women. She is treating as but she has committed some crime by divorcing her husband. In some community like Muslim women did not have the right to divorce their husband they were divorced at just the pronouncement of I divorce you by their husband thrice and they could not do anything except to be the mute spectator. Recently Muslim Law Board has given right of divorce to women. After divorce women is entitled to get her Mehr for herself and her childrens sustenance. In Hindu society women obtain maintenance for themselves and their children after divorce. WOMENS MOVEMENT That is evident fr

How to Create an Effective Technology Support Team

How to Create and Effective Technology Support Team May 10, 2010 University of Phoenix People in every workplace speak of building the team, working as a team, and my team, but few understand how to create the experience of teamwork or how to develop an effective team (Heathfield, n. d. ). Technology has become a critical need for any business to profit in a positive way. This research paper will explain a few key elements that are a requirement to have an effective technology support team. An explanation of how personalities can affect relationships within and beyond the technical staff. Belonging to a team, in the broadest sense, is a result of feeling part of something larger than yourself (Heathfield, n. d. ). Organization Structure Organization structure is very important in a team environment because it will help define and understand the team and team members of the organization. Appointing a team leader for the team is a powerful asset and will tend to keep everything in order within the organization. It is best to form the team with different abilities because it will create a more complete understanding of the requirements. The appointed team leader should provide some type of statement to the team members advising the team members of the goal and expectations of the team. It is very important to become acquainted with the team members so the motivation will be there to strive for the best. After the information is given questions are address then the leader will appoint all team members with their roles and responsibilities. This will avoid any overlap or extra responsibilities among whose job is to do what. Team Operation When a team is put together, it is extremely valuable to bring the team ogether in a project area. The proximity of the team members will provide a number of benefits. Interpersonal relationships will develop at a steady pace leading to more effective and timely communication of information. The team must remember that the team leader is not the manager of the team; however is consider a coach or facilitator. This is very important to remember so the team can operate together efficie ntly. Planning is another important part of the team operation because it will keep everything running smooth and on time. Planning helps the team understand the project objectives, customer requirements, goals, cost, and schedule. Communication Communication plays a major part in possessing an effective technology support team. The team represents the company and all the customers know of. It is extremely important for all team members to listen effectively to ensure the understanding of the customer needs. If the communication is not open and understood the team could fall apart. It is often impossible to fix a misunderstanding in which technology is concerned (Techsoup for libraries, 2009). If the team leader have not identified and communicate the needs clearly at the beginning of a technology project, there may be little or no room for changes later on (Techsoup for libraries, 2009). It can affect the entire company, employees, and customers. Software has so many dependencies that a small change may cause a number of consequences. It is much better to catch a minor issue at the beginning instead of at the end of the problem. Misunderstanding any communication within the technical realm can lead to a waste of time and effort. It is important to listen actively to ensure the clarity of the client to avoid troubleshooting a problem that is the wrong problem. This type of miscommunication will affect the end user and will cause a longer time frame for resolution. To ensure the communication is efficient the technical member will need to remember three important factors. First, ensure that they are aware of whom they are speaking with. They will need to distinguish if they are speaking with a client who is knowledgeable on a technical level or not knowledgeable on the technical level to determine how he or she will need to speak to the client. Second, the technical team member will need to know how familiar the client is with the technology library. By understanding what level the client is on concerning the knowledge the team member will be able to adjust the attitude and language given. Last, all the members of the team need to stay refresh with the basics of interacting with fellow team members, supervisors, and clients. Personalities Another element in building an effective technology support team is the consideration of the individual personalities of the team members (Kearns, 2009). This portion is basically on the team leader position because the team leader will need to know how the other team members will affect each other to avoid any personality conflicts. The team leader has to remember three questions to ask him or herself about the team members to ensure the entire team is on the same level. First, the team leader will need to know do each individual work well in a team environment. Second, will need to ensure all members can handle peer criticism constructively. Last, needs to make sure the team members’ goals and efforts are in line with the team and not for themselves. If none of the three questions are thought of, it can cause a high turnover rate and will cause difficulties with training. Technology is a must have in the 21st century now and possessing an effective support team is vital. Building a good team is the best thing a team leader can do to achieve a successful project. With the right attitude, a team will overcome almost any difficulty to succeed in its goals. In most projects there will be instances when only the determination of the team can overcome the difficulties and continue to strive for success (Lycos, 2010). Trainings will help assist with continuing the strong teamwork with the team and to have knowledge of any new technology release. Teamwork is the key to having a successful project and will continue to increase the business in a positive way. References Heathfield, Susan. (n. d. ). Twelve Tips for Team Building: How to Build Successful Work Team. Retrieved on May 11, 2010, from http://humanresources. about. om/od/involvementteams/a/twelve_tip_team_2. htm Kearns, William. (2009). Building a Technology Support Team. Retrieved on May 11, 2010, from http://www. articlesbase. com/technology-articles/building-a-technology-support-team-1594409. html Lycos Retriever. (2010). Team Building: People. Retrieved on May 11, 2010 from http://www. lycos. com/info/team-building–people. html TechSoup for Libraries. (2009). Building a Te chnology Team. Retrieved on May 11, 2010, from http://www. techsoupforlibraries. org/? q=cookbook-3/planning-and-decision-making/building-a-technology-team

Comparative of the Great Gatsby, Casablanca and Translations Essay

The texts which I have studied in my comparative course are â€Å"The Great Gatsby† (G.G.) written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. â€Å"Casablanca† (C.B.) directed by Micheal Curtiz and â€Å"Translations† (T.) written by Brian Friel. The cultural context of all three texts impacts on how and why the people behave the way they do. In this essay I will examine the elements which I thought had the most significant impact on the characters which contributed to their behaviour throughout the narratives. The first aspect I will examine is the setting of all texts – how it impacts on the way in which the main characters act and the consequences it has on their behaviour. G.G. is set in the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† in America. Fitzgerald set G.G. in an altered version of Long Island and Manhattan where Great and Manhasset Neck became East and West Egg and the large landfill site at Flushing is renamed the ‘valley of ashes`. This glamorous decade of the 1920à ¢â‚¬â„¢s was one of great cultural, artistic and social developments. WWI had ended in 1918 and left people disillusioned. This generation that fought and survived were ‘the lost generation`. At this time, America seemed to throw itself headlong into a decade of madcap behaviour and materialism. This era, also known as ‘The Jazz Age` was improvised and wild, jazz broke the rules of music just as ‘The Jazz Age` thumbed its nose at the rules of the past. Now, the ‘American Dream` became prominent and the idea of America being a land of opportunity was challenged and people came to believe that a determined and able individual could achieve anything, regardless of their social background. This was a pursuit of wealth. G.G., unlike the other two texts is set in a time where although having just came out of war, no other country imposed on America’s freedom, which I think led to freer morals and loser behaviour among the people (for example, the widespread infidelity). Unlike G.G., C.B is set in Morocco’s real costal city of Casablanca under Vichy French rule (a puppet administration for the Germans) during the early days of WWII. At this time, people from all over the world, especially Nazi occupied Europe, came to Casablanca. Some trying to escape and others, scam artists trying to get rich. It is described as a â€Å"torturous refugee trail† to reach Casablanca where they â€Å"wait† for passport visas (letters of transit) to escape. The social setting of C.B. is presented to us as we see a globe revolving slowly at the beginning of the film. An authoritative male voice gives us the time setting for the film. The main action of the film covers three days in the life of Rick Blaine, an American who has fled from Paris as the Nazis occupied it. He has set up a cafà © in CB as he tried to forget his past and a disastrous love affair. â€Å"Rick’s Cafà © Americano† is the most popular hang out, a place where shady dealings and gambling take place. T. differs from both texts as it celebrates the day-to-day and the wit and humour the mundane. Unlike G.G. and CB, T is not remotely glamorized. However, T and CB are alike in the sense that both texts contain people who strive to gain their countries independence. The setting of the play T. is a small rural Irish speaking community in the fictional townland of Baile Beag in County Donegal. The year is 1833 and Ireland is under British Rule and part of the British Empire. It is a community of tenant farmers and fishermen where inhabitants eke out a living from the land by growing potatoes by fishing or by rearing livestock. The local people worry about the possibility of potato blight, unlike the people in CB and GG who are hungry for achieving money through business and corrupt practices. The people of Baile Beag are dependent on the land, this is poignant considering the play is set not long before the Great Famine. There are very few employment opportunities in the area and people are shabbily dressed, whereas in both alternative texts the main characters have a demure fashion sense and look to be rich. However, like CB the people are eager to flee their county in T. Emigration is among the options available to those who want to better their situation. The British army arrives in Baile Beag to conduct a survey of the area in order to make a new map and the soldiers are required to anglicise the place names as they go along. The changing of the ancient place names will have a ruinous destructive effect on the culture of the area. The new English names are both meaningless and empty. Another aspect which I feel is a central factor in all three texts is the role of both men and women and how each sex act towards each other. The three narratives reflect similar values in relation to males being the dominating sex and often in a negative context. They are commonly the bread winners and superior to women. In GG, Tom Buchannan is very negatively portrayed. He is powerful and aggressive. We see Tom’s belligerent personality when he is physically abusive to Myrtle by breaking her nose with his open hand. Myrtle and Tom are both married to other people, but have an affair together. Tom is self absorbed and selfish, he does not give his wife Daisy a second thought when being unfaithful. This theme of negatively portraying men is also prominent in CB, Rick is selfish â€Å"I don’t stick my neck out for anyone†. In CB, Rick is shown not to respect Yvonne. He sends her on her way with a bar man who works for him because he thinks she is â€Å"too drunk†, Ugarte responds to this action, â€Å"you cannot throw women around like that, some day they may be scarce†. In all three texts alike, men fight for the love of a woman, which is illustrated in a macho sense. In GG Tom and Jay fight for Daisy’s love., in CB Rick and Laslo fight for Ilsa’s love and in T George and Manus fight for Marie’s love. Aspiration and optimism i s a common factor across the three texts. Daisy aspires to make it work with Tom, Ilsa wants to work her relationship with Laslo out and Marie will rekindle her love â€Å"when George returns†. All three women live in hope for a better tomorrow. The role of women is a common feature in each the texts. In all three women have no independence; they rely on the men to provide for them. They do not work and are all seen as weak. They are all dominated by men and accept this fact. In GG, Daisy is rich and lives a luxurious lifestyle. Daisy is a lazy character, â€Å"She made an effort to rise† when Nick entered the room but was â€Å"paralysed with happiness†. Daisy states, â€Å"I’ve been lying on that sofa for as long as I can remember† and says â€Å"We ought to plan something† to Jordan. However, she is presented as being unhappy â€Å"she cried and cried†, she describes her own daughter is seen as being a â€Å"beautiful little fool†. Daisy also engages in an affair wit h Jay Gatsby, the culture causes Daisy to behave in this immoral manner. In CB, women rely on men to make a life for them and free them from the confinement of Casablanca. They are portrayed as being vulnerable. Ilsa relies on the men, Rick or Lazlo to get her the letters of transit. The women in CB conform to the traditional roles In T. again, women have no independence, they depend solely on men to work and provide for them. Sarah succeeds in overcoming speech difficulty, but is then worse at the end of the play. She is presented as being weak and shy. She has a â€Å"waif-like† appearance. In my opinion, Sarah symbolizes the suggested fragility and vulnerability of women. But, Marie on the other hand is a strong character. She is a hard worker â€Å"look at the blisters† and makes an outspoken decision not to marry Manus, solely as a means of survival. Similarly in all three texts, we capture a soft and loving side to the women; Ilsa loves both Rick and Lazlo. But these loves are very different. Daisy loves her daughter tenderly and Marie falls in love with George. Although the three texts are alike in a sense, there is a great variation in the types of women we encounter across the three texts. In GG Myrtle is a feisty character, she stands up for herself to Tom â€Å"I’ll say whatever I like† but is dominated by him, the man whom she is having an affair with. He breaks her nose and she carries on meeting with him. Myrtle’s feisty independence has only a contradiction on itself however, as she only moves from ones mans dominance to another. She is under the control of her husband who has to provide for her. Jordan also has an incurable dishonesty; I don’t think she comes across as a nice character but I do not blame the characters for engaging in such dishonesty but only the culture in which they live. Another aspect of the cultural context which I feel contributes to how and why the people in the texts behave the way the do is religion. In the world of the three texts, religion is not an integral part of everyday life. It is not significant in their lives. Interestingly, in GG a dominant symbol within this novel is the billboard eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg. The eyes symbolize the loss of spiritual values in America. The billboard was erected to promote the business of an optometrist in Queensborough – the eyes symbolize the growing commercialism of America – life in America is all about making money, a lot of money as evidenced by the wealth of people like Tom Buchanan – a man’s success is measured in terms of how much money he is worth, not on what kind of person he may be morally. The billboard, like the spiritual values of America, is neglected – â€Å"But his eyes, dimmed a little by many paintless days, under sun and rain, brood on over the solemn dumping ground.† The old-fashioned values of America, which Nick Carraway returns to reconnect with in the mid-West are completely absent from the East, God seems to have abandoned America, leaving only Dr. T.J. Eckleburg behind to stare down with his empty eyes on people who have abandoned their spiritual values in the quest to achieve material wealth. In â€Å"CBâ€Å", religion is irrelevant in their lives. They have no time for religion. We see one reference to religion throughout this film which was when Ilsa said to Rick a heartfelt â€Å"Bless you†, however this still does not suggest a religion had a major role in the text. The lack of religion, I think is due to the diverse multi-cultural society. CB is a temporary destination for people fleeing. In stark contrast, in â€Å"T† we see an abundance of religious references which show us the extent of their faith. In this society, religion plays an integral part and influences their behaviour. It is a constant feature of their everyday lives and conversation – â€Å"God save us† and â€Å"The God’s truth†. All the characters have a strong, unflinching catholic faith. Religion is used as a crutch to help people get through the harsh realities of their lives. â€Å"Sweet God did the practise crop ever fail in Baile Beag†¦ Never†, this is an emphatic statement. â€Å"Never† shows their trust and faith in God it is a solace from their meagre and primitive existence. Religion fortifies them. Religion takes place in baptisms, wakes and funerals. There is a big difference in the prevalence and strength of religion in the three texts. There is another aspect which I feel impacts significantly on how and why the people in the three tex ts act the way they do, alcohol. There is a parity across all three texts. Alcohol is used for both celebration and comfort. In GG, alcohol is prohibited. Although it is illegal, it can be seen everywhere throughout the text. People who stayed sober were regarded as â€Å"deplorable and boring†. The ban of alcohol (â€Å"The Prohibition†) created a thriving underworld designed to satisfy the massive demand for bootleg liquor among rich and poor alike. Alcohol is seen as a source of comfort for Daisy on her wedding day to escape the harsh reality of not having Tom â€Å"as drunk as a monkey†. The reckless abuse of alcohol is also something that contributed to the death of Myrtle. â€Å"GG† is unlike â€Å"CB† where alcohol is seen as a way of socialising in this society. All the action throughout the film takes place in Ricks cafà © where alcohol plays a major role. Similarly to â€Å"GG†, we see alcohol being consumed for both celebration and comfort. Ricks toast to Ilsa â €Å"Here’s looking at you kid† with champagne is seen as them using alcohol to celebrate their future. Although we see Rick angry, bitter and so deeply hurt by the return of Ilsa that he drinks heavily. In Ricks time of despair he lashes out at Ilsa as a result of alcohol which is the only time we see the abuse of alcohol. However, in â€Å"T† alcohol is used as a sign of celebration whether it religious or social. When Owen returns home he promises his father â€Å"You and I are going to get footless drunk†. Hugh is seen to always of has consumed an amount of alcohol and never appears sober. I feel alcohol is a key factor that results in the people of the narratives acting the way they do. The final aspect I will explore which I think influences the varied societies to behave in certain ways is their social status, wealth and poverty. There is a stark contrast in the event of wealth in all three texts. In â€Å"GG† there is an abundance or wealth, opulence and extravagance. The majority of the characters live in an area of over indulgence. We learn that Tom gave Daisy a â€Å"string of pearls valued at $3500†. Social snobbery is prevalent for instance, servants. Jay Gatsby hosts lavish parties an there is no expense spared. His ostentatious mansion was bought to only please Daisy to try and woo her. George Wilson is an example of complete contrast to Jay, he lives in extreme poverty. The interior of his garage is described as â€Å"un-prosperous and base† In â€Å"CB† we see an obvious affluence in formal dress and gambling but not to the same extent as in â€Å"GG†. However, â€Å"CB† is similar to â€Å"GG† in the sense that wealth grants one power and freedom. Rick’s lucrative business puts him in the position of authority but in my opinion the transit papers appear to be the most valuable currency. â€Å"T† is the antithesis to the other two texts. The society is present as primitive and destitute. People are poor peasants who are dispossessed. The annual salary for a teacher is 56 pounds, thus highlights the poverty in contrast to the other two texts. I think there is a strong sense of stagnation in this text. There is a lack of finance reflects in the lack of health care and â€Å"infant mortality†. Maire knows she has to learn English to move forward economically. There are gedge schools where children are educated in comparison to the mansions in the â€Å"GG†. Malnourishment is prominent and is due to the lack of proper food. Sarah is described as â€Å"waif-like†. Through my study of the comparative texts, I have found that the cultural context of the narratives impacts on how and why the people behave the way they do. It allowed me to establish a greater understanding of the characters themselves and to appreciate the circumstances at a deeper level in the lives of the protagonists.

Led freer trade environment Essays

Led freer trade environment Essays Led freer trade environment Essay Led freer trade environment Essay Abstraction: In the new WTO led freer trade environment, Indian nutrient industry can vie Globally merely if it is monetary value and quality competitory.Due to the liberalisation of Indian economic system and the oncoming of WTO government, quality Competitiveness will count most in Indian nutrient industry. Hence serious consideration had given to quality issues in Indian nutrient industries. The Indian authorities is actuating the dairy and other nutrient processing industries for acceptance of nutrient safety and quality confidence mechanisms such as Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) including ISO 9000, ISO 14000. Hazard analysis and critical control points ( HACCP ) . Good Fabrication Practices ( GMP ) , Good Hygienic Practices ( GMP ) .And this essay besides contains Indian Government Regulation s in the Dairy Processing Sector. Introduction: Harmonizing to the National Dairy Development Board, India the one-year production of milk during the twelvemonth 2007-2008 is 104.8 million metric tons. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //nddb.org/statistics/milkproduction.html ) India has two types of sectors for the selling of milk and its merchandises, one is organized sector and another is unorganised sector. The unorganised sector histories for 88 % of entire milk production in India and it includes selling of natural milk and traditional merchandises such as locally manufactured ghee, fresh cheese, and Sweets. The organized sector histories for 10-12 % of entire milk production in India and it includes the dairy co-ops and organized private dairies which produces Western-style dairy processed merchandises based on pasteurisation. The portion of organized sector in the entire milk production handling is increasing by the old ages ( FAO, 2002 ) . India has now become the largest manufacturer of milk in the universe, with estimated production of about 81 million dozenss in 2001 ( FAO, 2002 ) .Milk production in India histories for more than 13 % of the entire universe end product and 57 % of entire Asia s production. Top five milk bring forthing states in the universe are India, USA, Russia, Germany and France ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aavinmilk.com/dairyprofile.html ) . Quality and Safety Management in Indian Dairy Industry: After the formation of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , there were some cases where foreign purchasers refused to accept Indian processed nutrient merchandises from Indian nutrient processing industries which did non follow HACCP system.Due to this Industries which are exporting were paying lare sums of money to foreign advisers for HACCP Implementation ( CM, 1997 ) .And besides implementing HACCP system has become compulsory for nutrient companies after the formation of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and this is due to HACCP is recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission ( CAC ) and the CAC recommendation has been approved by the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ( SPS ) reached under the marks of WTO ( Satish Y. Deodhar, 2001 ) . Codex Alimentarius Commission It is an international Body which was established by Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) of the United Nations with an aim to protect the wellness of consumers and to guarantee just patterns in the nutrient trade. It gives specifications for International Standards for the safety and quality of nutrient codifications of good fabrication pattern. The Standards, guide lines and recommendations specified by Codex Alimentarius committee was recognized worldwide for international trade and dialogues and besides for settling of differences by WTO. ( Beginning: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA OUTCOME BUDGET OF MINISTRY OF FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES FOR 2008-2009 ) Government of India ( GOI ) Ministry of nutrient processing industries Financial Scheme for Quality Assurance, Codex Standard 2008-2009. Aims of this Scheme: Motivating the nutrient processing industries in order to follow nutrient quality and safety confidence systems such as Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) which includes ISO 9000, ISO 14000 and safety confidence systems such as Hazard analysis and critical control points ( HACCP ) , Good Fabrication Practices ( GMP ) and Good Hygienic Practices ( GMP ) . To do the nutrient processing industries ready to confront them to planetary competition in international trade after the WTO formation. To fix the nutrient processing industries in such a manner that itv will lodge to rigorous quality in hygiene norms. Enhaning the merchandise produced by nutrient processing industries which will accept by abroad purchasers. To fix Indian nutrient processing industry in technologically up to day of the month which will pattern international best patterns. The Scheme included the undermentioned activities: Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) . Promoting of Quality Assurance / Safety Concept. Bar Coding. Strengthening of Codex Cell. Upgrading Quality Control Laboratories. Research A ; Development Programmes for nutrient processing industry 1. Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) Ministry of Food Processing Industries ( GOI ) is running a Plan Scheme which is advancing nutrient processing industries to follow nutrient quality and safety confidence systems such as ISO 9000, ISO 14000, Hazard Analysis and Critical points ( HACCP ) , Good Fabrication Practices ( GMP ) , Good Hygienic Practices ( GHP ) .And it has assisted 10 nutrient treating units to implement the HACCP, IS09000, GMP, GHP patterns during the twelvemonth 2007-2008. 2. Puting Up/Up step of Quality Control Laboratory Strengthening or Puting up or Networking of research labs will assist in debut of quality and safety systems in nutrient processing industries and keeping quality of the merchandise at every degree of production. Ministry of Food Processing industries ( GOI ) has started a program strategy for puting up/ up step of quality control research lab with aims like guaranting acceptance of National nutrient criterions, helping nutrient industries to develop and implement quality direction systems such as ISO9000, HACCP etc. , analysing the samples received from nutrient processing industries, and other interest holder and preparation in the countries associating to quality betterment through ain expertness. The Ministry of nutrient processing industries ( GOI ) has approved fiscal aid to the some organisations during the twelvemonth 2007-2008 for puting up and up step of nutrient proving research labs like Maarc Lab private limited, Pune. , Council for Food Research and Development, Government of Kerala. , Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. , Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Fed. Ltd, Lucknow. , . AcharyaN.G. Agricultural University, Hyderabad and A.P. State Agro Industries Dev.Corpn.Ltd. Hyderabad. ( Beginning: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA OUTCOME BUDGET OF MINISTRY OF FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES FOR 2008-2009 ) Indian Government Regulation s in the Dairy Processing Sector: Compulsory statute law 1. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 The Act was created in Indian Parliament in 1954 in order to forestall debasement of nutrient and it Rules were formed in the twelvemonth 1955.The PFA Act includes nutrient criterions, general processs for trying, analysis of nutrient, powers of authorised officers, nature of punishments and other parametric quantities related to nutrient. It will give criterions to nutrient additives, preservative, colourising affairs, packing A ; labeling of nutrients, prohibition A ; ordinances of gross revenues etc. Amendments are incorporated in PFA regulations with the recommendation made by the Central Committee of Food Standards ( CCFS ) which has been setup by Cardinal Government of India under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare consisting members from different parts of the state. The commissariats of PFA Act and Rules are implemented by State Government and local organic structures as provided in the regulations. The commissariats of the Act are compulsory and dispute of the regul ations can take to both mulcts and imprisonment. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fssai.gov.in/PFA.aspx ) 2. Milk and Milk Product Order ( MMPO ) The Govt. of India had announced officially the Milk and Milk Product Order ( MMPO ) 1992 on 9.06.1992 under the commissariats of Essential trade good Act, 1955.According to this order any individual or dairy plat managing more than 10000 litres per twenty-four hours of milk or 500 Million dozenss of milk solids per annum demands to be registered with the registering authorization appointed by the Cardinal Government of India. This order aims at to keep and increase in supply of liquid milk of coveted quality in the involvements of the general populace and besides helps in for modulating the production, processing and distribution of milk and milk Products. So far suited amendments were made by Government of India for this order from clip to clip in order to do it more broad and oriented to ease the dairy enterpriser. The latest amendment was made on 26/03/2002. At present there is no limitation on puting up of new milk works but demand of enrollment is for implementing the prescribe d criterions of quality and nutrient safety. The outstanding characteristics of the new amendments include healthful, hygienic status, quality, nutrient safety issues and flexible review of dairy works. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //dahd.nic.in/milkorder.htm ) 3. Standards on Weights and Measures ( Packaged Commodities ) Rules, 1997 These Rules species obligatory conditions should be maintained for all milk and milk merchandises which are in jammed signifier with regard to declarations on measures contained. And they are operated by the Directorate of Weights and Measures, under the Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies ( Government of India ) . 4. Export ( Quality Control and Inspection ) Act, 1963 This act was operated by Export Inspection Council ( Government of India ) . Harmonizing to this Act all exportable milk and milk merchandises should undergo mandatory pre-shipment review for quality control. And the quality control and review are administered through a web of more than 50 offices located around major production centres and ports of cargo 5. Pollution Control The milk processing industry should take no Objection Certificate from Pollution Control Board which is Compulsory. Voluntary Standards In India there are two organisations which deal with voluntary standardisation and enfranchisement systems in the nutrient sector. They are: 1. Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) BIS has two types of activities, one is preparation of Indian criterions in the processed nutrients sector and the other is execution of criterions through publicity and through voluntary and 3rd party enfranchisement systems. BIS criterions cover natural stuffs permitted and their quality parametric quantities, hygienic conditions under which merchandises are manufactured and packaging and labeling requirements.BIS will give ISI grade that can be exhibited on merchandise bundles to those makers following with criterions laid down by the BIS. BIS has made compulsory enfranchisement for nutrient colourss or additives, vanaspati ( Hydrogenated vegetable oil ) , containers for wadding, milk pulverization and condensed milk. 2. Directorate of Marketing and Inspection ( DMI ) Agricultural Produce ( Grading A ; Marking ) Act was formed in the twelvemonth 1937 which had given power to Cardinal Government of India to border grade criterions for agricultural green goods. It has formulated certain Standards under scientific mode and is popularly known as AGMARK criterions. Recently nutrient safety factors are being incorporated in these criterions in order to vie in World trade and they are harmonized with international criterions maintaining in position the WTO demands. They will supply Certification to adulteration prone milk merchandises like Butter and Ghee in order to profit producer/manufacturer and consumer. The Certification grade under the Agricultural Produce ( Grading A ; Marking ) Act is popularly known as AGMARK . ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //agmarknet.nic.in/right_DMI.htm ) Other Government Regulations 1. Industrial License: Normally in India no licence is required for puting up a Dairy Project but a Memorandum has to be submitted to the Secretariat for Industrial Approvals ( SIA ) and an recognition is to be obtained. 2. Foreign Investing: A anterior blessing from the Secretariat of Industrial Approvals, Ministry of Industry ( Government of India ) is required in order to Foreign investing in Indian Dairy Industry. 3. Foreign Technology Agreements: It besides requires anterior blessing from the authorities of India. 4. Import of capital Goods Import of capital goods for dairy processing industry is allowed if it is financed through Foreign Equity and it besides need of blessing from the Secretariat of Industrial Approvals. 5. Import of Second Hand Capital Goods Second manus machinary can be imported if it meets conditions like lower limit residuary life of 5 old ages, equipment age should non be more than 7 old ages old, certification from the Chartered Engineers of the state of beginning attesting the age, the Residual life is to be produced and import will be allowed merely for existent users. ( Beginning: indiadairy.com ) The Management Systems Certification ( MSC ) activity of the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) : It consists of a series of activities with which it will measure the capableness of an organisation s Management Systems such as IS/ISO 9001:2000 ( Quality Management Systems ) , IS/ISO 14001:2004 ( Environmental Management Systems ) , IS 18001:2000 ( Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems ) , IS15000:1998 ( Food Hygiene Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) System ) and the combination of two or more than two systems ( incorporate direction systems ) and it will supply 3rd party Certification to the organisations. BIS offers enfranchisement to the undermentioned criterion: IS/ISO 9001:2000: This criterion comes under Quality Management Systems Certification Scheme ( QMSCS ) provided by Bureau of Indian Standards and it is indistinguishable to ISO 9001:2000 -`Quality Management Systems . IS does non supply any signifier of consultancy services for execution of the demands of IS/ISO 9001:2000 criterion as under its Quality Management Systems Certification Scheme, BIS grants licences against IS/ISO 9001:2000 criterion. Accreditation of BIS QMSCS by Raad voor Accreditatie ( RvA ) , Netherlands, is a testimony of BIS QMSCS runing to internationally recognized standards. BIS Quality Management Systems Certification Scheme is accredited by RvA for 20 three sectors. IS/ISO 14001: This criterion comes under Environmental Management Systems Certification Scheme ( EMSCS ) and is indistinguishable to ISO 14001 -`Environmental Management Systems . This criterion helps the organisations to accomplish and show sound environmental public presentation. It does non supply any signifier of consultancy services for execution of the demands of IS/ISO 14001 but it grants licences against IS/ISO 14001 criterion. IS 18001:2000: This criterion comes under Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems and helps in good wellness and safety public presentation guaranting an accident-free industrial environment. This will besides improves organisation s smooth and effectual operation. IS 15000:1998: This criterion comes under Food Hygiene -Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point ( HACCP ) System and it is designed to place and forestall microbic and other jeopardies in nutrient production. It helps the manufacturers, processors, distributers, exporters, etc, of nutrient merchandises to use proficient resources expeditiously and in a cost effectual mode in guaranting nutrient safety.It does non supply any signifier of consultancy services for execution of the demands of IS15000 criterion as under its HACCP A ; HACCP-Quality Management Systems ( QMS ) Certification Scheme but it grants licences against IS 15000 ( HACCP stand-alone enfranchisement ) or IS 15000 incorporate with IS/ISO 9001:2000 criterion ( HACCP integrated with QMS Certification ) . The Benefits of BIS Certification for direction systems: It improves both internal operational benefits and external selling advantages of an organisation. And it besides provide an confidence of consistent quality, pollution bar, waste decrease, safety and wellness of employees to extremely competitory international market-place, clients, authoritiess, general populace, employees and stakeholders. ( Beginning: Bureau of Indian criterions Management Systems Certification Quality Manual, issue 1, 2004 ) . Major job associated with quality criterions: Small holders have trouble following with SPS/ QUALITY STANDARDS ( FAO, 2002 ) . Decision: There is demand of Training of suited adult male power on Quality and nutrient safety direction systems such as ISO Standards, good hygienic patterns and good fabrication patterns and application of construct and rules of healthful and phyto healthful ( SPS ) and Hazard Analysis and critical control point ( HAACP ) systems throughout the nutrient Chain from husbandman to consumer, becomes of import for bring forthing quality milk merchandises. So, Indian authorities should take proper steps in order to better people skill in the quality and safety direction systems so that Indian dairy sector Quality and Safety direction systems will better. Mentions: ANNEX 1: Critical issues for people in the in the Indian dairy sector on the threshold of new epoch, FAO, 2002. hypertext transfer protocol: //dahd.nic.in/milkorder.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fssai.gov.in/PFA.aspx Sudesh sea nutrients, Capital Market, June 29, 1997, p 70. CM, 1997. In a Freer WTO Trade Regime, Food industry must concentrate on quality direction, Satish Y. Deodhar, 2001. Study of mother Dairy s wt-5 ( Kalyan Sundar Banerjee, Krishna tomar, Priya Mena, Sudip verma, Sushant Chowdary ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //milkfoodlimited.tradeindia.com/ , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2006/12/13/stories/2006121302350300.htm Government of India Outcome Budget of Ministry of Food Processing Industries for 2008-2009. Bureau of Indian criterions Management Systems Certification Quality Manual, issue 1, 2004. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aavinmilk.com/dairyprofile.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nddb.org/statistics/milkproduction.html . .